Damianus Abun
Introduction
Introduction
Teachers are
often called heroes. They are in the front line of helping citizens become
functional members of society. They are not paid much but their job is the most
important in laying the foundation of a great nation. Without teachers, man
cannot fully be developed as a human and functional human in society. Thus the
job of a teacher is not just simply to teach and fill the head of the students
with a lot of information which may not be relevant to the life of students but
the job goes beyond teaching. It is also about building a proper relationship
to develop other aspect of human life.
Learning can
happen not only by accumulating knowledge they receive from teachers inside
classroom but through relationships or associations with their teachers or the
adult. Many things can be learned through informal relationship. Character
formation cannot be just developed through information that they got from
teacher in their class but it is through modeling or example that teachers is
showing to their students. Thus the behavior of teachers matters much to the
development of students.
Effective teaching
is often time not measured by how well the teacher prepares the subject but how
well teachers relate their life to the life of students and it cannot happen
only inside the classroom but outside classroom. Their life must touch the life
of students. It happens only in relationships. Thus the relationship goes
beyond the wall of classroom. In such case
teacher has to be open and
available anytime to help the students outside the classroom, anywhere and
anytime when the students need them.
Since teachers
are teaching not only the things that they learned from the books but also
through their life example which they reveal in the relationship, thus the
question for a teacher is how and what kind of relationship that they need to
develop with the students. Since the issue is the relationship between teacher
and students, thus the relationship may not be any kinds of relationship. Thus,
we need to explore different kind of relationship that may or may not help the
students. We need to know these different relationships in order for us to know
the nature of man and to know what kind of relationship that a teacher must
develop with the students.
Interpersonal relationship is an
association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to
enduring. This association may be created by different reasons such as having a
common interest, having a regular business interaction, love, like and some
other type of social commitment. The persons go into interpersonal relationship
believe that through such relationship, certain aspect of their needs can be
satisfied. Interpersonal relationships take place in a great variety of
contexts, such as school community between teachers and teachers, teachers and
students, in the work, clubs, and other forms of association.
Interpersonal
relationship is created on the voluntary basis and it is not regulated and
there are no external forces to set the rule of engagement but only the persons
who have the relationship. If the reasons for their relationship are met, then
naturally the relationship may continue to grow or disappear. Thus it cannot be
predicted the length of such relationship because it is only the individual
person can measure if his needs have been or have not been fulfilled yet.
Why does human
need relationship? It is one of our needs as human being. It is originated from
our nature of men as a social being. As a social being, humans have a natural
need and tendency to relate themselves to other human beings. They depend on
other human being to fulfill certain needs. In such case, humans may not be complete
without other humans. It is only by living with other humans, they can perfect
themselves.
Dependence on others
is not only in terms of physical needs but also psychological needs. As an
individual person, he/she cannot fulfill all his physical needs by
himself/herself, but he/she needs other people to fill the gap. As a social
being, he or she needs to belong to the group and to be recognized. Abraham
Maslow perfectly described hierarchy needs of human beings as physiological, safety
and security, belongingness, self esteem, and self satisfaction needs (Stoner,
2000, McShane, 2000). After Maslow, Clayton Alderfer as cited by McShane (2000)
also supported the idea of Maslow that humans have three different needs such
as existence, relatedness and growth needs. Related needs is the same
with belongingness needs of Maslow that human as social being need to relate
himself or herself to other people. It is a deep human need to relate and to be
belonged to a group, to be accepted and to be recognized. The same theory of
needs is also presented by John W.
Atkinson as
cited by Stoner (2000). Atkinson argued that humans are motivated by needs for achievement, need for power, and
need for affiliation or close association with others.
Human beings are
innately social and are shaped by their experiences with others. Such innate
social need motivates an individual to relate himself or herself with others
and such need must be satisfied because it will continue to push the person to
fulfill it until it is fulfilled. There are multiple perspectives to understand
this inherent motivation to interact with others. In fact, the need to belong
is so innately ingrained that it may be strong enough to overcome physiological
and safety needs, such as children's attachment to abusive parents or staying
in abusive romantic relationships. Such examples illustrate the extent to which
the psychobiological drive to belong is entrenched.
The theories
that we have pointed out are just indicating that interpersonal relationship is
born out of human needs. Those are basic needs that need to be realized in
order for a person to grow as a human being and a social being. These basic
needs are strengthened further by the fact that interpersonal relationship
brings benefits to both parties. Individuals seek out rewards in interactions
with others and are willing to pay a cost for said rewards. It is in this case,
people are willing to sacrifice other things in order to maintain the
relationship. People could not afford to lose a beautiful relationship because
it would be considered a lost on both sides.
Studies also
pointed out that persons who are going into interpersonal relationship are not
just simply to meet their physical needs but as we have emphasized that human
are social creature and as social creature, there is a need of attachment, a
need to be loved as Insel (2001) argued that attachment requires sensory and
cognitive processing that lead to intricate motor responses. As humans, the end
goal of attachment is the motivation to acquire love, which is different from
other animals who just seek proximity. Based on his study, there is
neurological basis for attachment and further emphasized that pro-social
emotions and behaviors are prerequisite for a healthy relationship. The social
environment, mediated by attachment, influences the maturation of structures in
a child's brain. This might explain how infant attachment affects adult
emotional health.
Based on what we
have discussed above, we cannot deny then that teachers and students are all
social animal, then the need to be associated with or to be belonged to, the
need for attachment has to be realized in the school context or campus. Thus,
school and teachers should promote a healthy interpersonal relationship with
their students. Promoting such kind of relationship would help students to grow
mature not only as an individual person but also a social person. They
definitely learn how to deal with people in their work, organization and in
society as a whole. There must be some kind of relationship between
teachers and students because it is important for social, emotional, and
cognitive development of both.
Base on our argument
that human being is social beings and relationship need is innate need, thus
both parties in the relationship are in need of each other. Both parties are
benefited from the relationship. There is mutuality and reciprocity.
Thus
in summary, we may conclude that interpersonal relationship is a symmetrical
relationship, a relationship between the equals. Both are there to share their
life and to enrich one’s lacking needs. In this case both are growing together
and learn from each other. Therefore this kind of relationship is only applied
between the adult, not the adult and the child. Such presentation indicates
that interpersonal relationship may not be proper relationship that teachers
develop with their students.
Contractual relationships: a danger to avoid
It
is a legal relationship between
contracting parties evidenced by (1) an offer, (2) acceptance of the offer, and
a (3) valid (legal and valuable) consideration. Existence of a contractual
relationship, however, does not necessarily mean the contract is enforceable,
that it is not void or not voidable.(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/contractual-relationship.html#ixzz3BPWte5Pr)
Contracts
are legally enforceable agreements, and any party -- person or organization --
that enters into a contract has a contractual relationship with the other
parties. When a party enters into a contractual relationship, it agrees to
certain responsibilities and failure to adhere to the agreed upon
responsibilities may constitute a breach of contract (: http://www.ehow.com/info_10067138_breach-contractual-relationship.html).
There
are three things for a contract to exist: an offer, acceptance and validity. A
party is offering a product or services and the second party is accepting the
offer. To make the agreement valid and binding, the contract has to be written
and signed by both parties which stipulate the duties and responsibilities of
both parties. Once it is signed and notarized by public attorney, then contract
is legally enforceable. Violating the contract tantamount to a breach of
contract and can lead to the cease of relationship or court litigation.
The relationship
emanated from contract is functional. The relationship exists as long as both
parties are doing their functions stipulated in the contract. Both parties are
bound by the law to implement what has been agreed upon. The focus is the
content of the contract and the services to be delivered. There is no human
relationship. Any actions done by both parties
are only superficial and it is done to enhance the functional
relationship.
Applying
such kind of relationship between the teacher and students means that the
relationship is established because there is an offer or product to be sold to
the students and the students, after come analysis of cost and benefit, accept
the offer or purchase the product. Both parties are only allowed to do their
duties and responsibilities within the prescribed contract. Violating the
contract means the relationship ceases to exist. Teachers are doing their
duties as teachers which are to teach and the students are paying tuition fees
for their salaries. The problems of whether the students are listening,
understanding to their subjects are no longer their concern. If students
listens, understands and then they can pass. If they do not pass, they are
terminated or repeating the subject. The concerns of why students do not
understand and do not pass the exam are no longer their concern. Looking into
the reason behind of students’ failure and trying to fix the problem are beyond
their functions. No concern for the students.
Such
relationship implies that knowledge is a commodity. The teachers are only to
deliver the knowledge or information and the students listen and pay. It is
only by listening they can understand and gain some skills and therefore their
investment can have some return. If they do not listen and understand, they
lose their investment. It is no longer the problem of teachers why students
failed.
Following such line of thoughts, the
relationship between teachers and students are business relationship. The
teachers are producers and students are customers. The focuses of teachers are
how to produce quality product or services so that they can retain the students
not to go away. The teachers’ concerns are preparing their lesson and
delivering it well in the class from their own perspective. This is the only
way how to maintain their customers’ loyalty. All activities done by the
teachers are only to attract the students to enroll their subject and they can
have money in return.
Relationship is just superficial and impersonal. Smiling, laughing and talking with the students are not sincere because in this kind of relationship, relationship is a business strategy to have a personal attachment with the customer and to retain them not to go away and enrolling in other subjects or other school. The relationship is between the subject and object. Teacher is the subject and students are object. Students are used so that the teachers can teach and earn their living.
The relationship is between buyer and seller. A buyer
and seller bind themselves into a legal agreement to provide each other with
specific needs. Sellers must often give products, services or tailored
consultation to the buyer, while the buyer gives monetary reimbursement or
other valuable benefits. Buyers and sellers can be a part of one project or
many, and the seller's objectives can change during the contract's lifestyle,
such as first being a bidder, then a selected procurement source and later
becoming the contracted supplier.
What we have mentioned
is being practiced in the school environment in the post modern education. Education
is a commodity and is no longer an instrument of character development. It was lamented by Jean-François Lyotard (1979)
that there has been a significant change in the teacher-student relation. This is now no longer seen as a pedagogical relationship but a contractual one. Students, in paying ever higher fees for
the privilege of attending an educational institution, expect good value for their (private,
self-interested) investment.
When the services they 'purchase' do not
measure up to expectations be threatened with legal action for breach of an
implied contract. He further reminded
the institutions tertiary institutions must be 'accountable' for what they do,
and when they fail to 'deliver the goods', they should pay a (legal and/or
financial) price for this.
In conclusion we
may argue that contractual relationship is not a proper relationship to be
developed between teachers and students because in such a relationship,
students are treated as customers, buyers and not as persons who have the
personal needs such as psychological needs. Those needs
cannot be fulfilled or satisfied if there is no pedagogical relationship.
Pedagogical relationship
Before going deeper
into our discussion on pedagogical relationships, I want to share my own
experience in secondary education. When I was in secondary education, the
subject that I hated most was English subject. Every time a teacher came to the
class, I felt nervous because he was used to punish the students who could not
give the right answer in English when he asked questions. What made it worse
was the fact that it was not only English subject that was being feared but
also the teacher. The subject was hard and the teacher was hard. I was afraid
to ask questions because the teacher might punish me again if I asked the wrong
questions. I was not going any further in my subject, the ignorance
continue to rule. I almost quitted but for the sake of finishing my study, I
endure the situation.
Things
changed when I was in second year level of secondary school. The teacher for
English subject was changed. He was an ex-seminarian. He encouraged students to
ask questions and correct the mistakes but did not punish the students. The
feeling was that it was ok to make mistakes. The excitement was growing. Not
only that, he allowed us to ask question anywhere and anytime. He was always
ready to answer us. Such openness allowed us to develop relationships. I became
friend to him and he helped me a lot in my English subject. I was no longer afraid
to ask questions and to make a mistake because I know that he was there to
guide me. The result of such relationship was that I love English subject and I
was always longing to see my English teacher. Not only love to the subject but
I usually confide my personal problems to the teacher and he was there to
listen and to guide me. Such a wonderful experience inspired me a lot and may
the teacher rest in peace.
The experience that I shared is just a
simple application and explanation of pedagogical relationship. The pedagogical
relation refers to special kind of personal relationship between teacher
and student or adult and child that is different from other interpersonal
relationships. The pedagogical relation is discussed by more recently in
English by Max van Manen (1991).
Manen think that educatorship is at
least partly based on the ethical responsibility to offer oneself constantly to
be available to the child as a kind of instrument or mechanism. Thereby the
educator is assumed to act in such way that s/he produces the results that s/he
immediately feels (believes) the child to intend in his/her own action. It is
not about conscious calculation, but a task that opens up to the educator as an
immediate requirement and responsibility. This relation between child and parent/teacher is symbolized by 'living with the
child in loco parentis'. Van Manen means by this the normatively loaded
interaction between adult and child which is permeated by the adult's
responsibility to take care of the child's life and growth into a responsible
person.
As
we have discussed above, teachers are holding big responsibility. The job is
not only to master the subject and deliver it correctly with the correct
strategy of teaching. It takes more than knowing the content to be a good
teacher. Teachers are not only in words but also in action, their behavior in
dealing with the students. One of the most important aspects of teaching is
building relationships with their students. Teacher-child relationships
influence how a child develops. The relationship can relate to a wide range of
school adjustment outcomes, including liking school, work habits, social
skills, behavior, and academic performance.
When teachers are open and communicate with
their students, not only inside classroom but also outside classroom, they are
transmitting not
only knowledge but
also values that students need in their life. As Stonkuvienè ( 2010) emphasized
that when we communicate with each other we are not only transmitting messages,
but also enriching experiences, perceiving emotions and cultivating attitudes,
values, ways of being with others and the world. We are co-building people. Educational
context is a privileged environment for communication, particularly
interpersonal communication. Postic (2008) criticizes theorists who support the
study of teaching on the forging of “teaching machines” and underrate the
interpersonal influences of the pedagogical context, as supported by Rogers
(1985) and other authors. In a dialogical and teleological human sense of
education, communication is a transversal element to all cultures.
Communicating is a bio-psychosocial act; conducted by the body, it involves
personalities, roles and emotions.
The relationship
may not be symmetric but asymmetric; it is a relationship between unequal,
teacher and students. Teacher and students are not really equal friends and their
relationship is a relationship of an adult and a child. Therefore in such a
relationship, teacher is still teacher who is in the presence of students who
need help and guidance. As in (2013)
pointed out that your
students are not your friends. She is right because there’s a certain
responsibility in a pedagogical relationship. A
teacher must never confide in a student, or look to a student for emotional support. It is perfectly appropriate for a
student to do these things, however, with a teacher. A teacher stands in
loco parentis. Most college students are young people who have not yet made
their way in the world but who are going to college as part of their
preparation for that. They are more than their student numbers. They are
inexperienced adults who occasionally need support and guidance when
contemplating life’s larger questions, or simply how to survive a term in which
they are taking too many courses in order to minimize their student-loan debt.
It has been
always emphasized that to be an effective teacher is not a matter of knowing
the subject very well but it is more than that, it is more on our approach to
students, how we view and deal with the students. Students come to school with
their different situations, they are not coming to receive the information from
the teacher which they can get it in the internet but they are looking for
something that could change their life and it may not be given through the
lectures but through our behavior that we show them every day. The subjects
that they learn every day may not inspire them and bring them happiness, it is
not even helping them to become mature person in the future and help them in
their pursuit of “the good life” in the classical sense. But that can be done
only by teachers who are willing to engage with their students as human beings
and who can draw on their own humanity, and not simply their intellects, in
those relationships.
The
call of duty as teacher is not easy after all. The job is going beyond
preparing class and teaching well. Ordinarily, nobody likes to occupy their
time entertaining students who come to your office just to see their good
teachers. No one likes to worry about the life of other people but the call of
duty as a teacher reminds all teachers that it is one your duty to build a
pedagogical relationship with the students. They may not learn values and good
behavior in the classroom but they learn it when they are dealing with their
teachers. They cannot confide the personal problems and aspirations in the
classroom, in front of other students, but they can confide their life through
their relationship with their teachers. Listening to their aspirations and
desperations will inspire them to define their own life of what kind of life
they are going pursue. Teachers need to know their students because by knowing
them, teachers know how to deal and help them. As Nel Noddings (2007) pointed
out that teacher must know about students prior experiences and build on them
with new learning experiences. He
continued that as the child’s teacher, you know more about the child than the
writers of the book you are teaching from. You can adjust the way you teach
based on how your students learn and what they take interest in. The curriculum
and content being covered will be much more meaningful if delivered in a way
the students favor. Teaching methods would be enhanced by a curriculum that
contributed to the relevance and interest level of students work and learning
experiences. When students are forced to go through material that they are not
engaged in they will lose interest. Students need to connect with what they are
learning through engagement. Curriculum approaches that promote combined social
as well as emotional intelligence of students are much more effective (Noddings,
2007).
As
a summary on the idea of pedagogical relationship we may point out some
characteristics that mark the difference between interpersonal relationships.
In the pedagogical relationship, the adult is directed toward the child and the
relation is asymmetrical, a relationship between unequal. The adult is there
for the child and the child is not there for the adult. The purpose of such
kind of relationship is to help the child grow becoming a better person in the
future. This kind of relationship ends when the child grows up and
matures.
Conclusion
After
discussing three kind of relationship, now we know what kind of relationship
that a teacher needs to develop with their students. Relationship is a need,
and it is not only true to the adult or teachers but also child or students.
All have needs to be able to relate themselves to one another. It is a social
needs and it is inborn. Because of such inborn needs, building up interpersonal
relationship is the fulfillment of such needs and it is a must. But this kind
of relationship is between adult or symmetrical relationship, between the
equals, because both are there to fill the vacuum of each individual’s needs.
There is mutuality and reciprocity.
Therefore,
interpersonal relationship may not be qualified for the relationship between
adult and the child or teacher and students. It has to be pedagogical
relationship, a relationship that is educational in nature, a relationship that
is oriented toward the growth of the child. It is asymmetrical, relationship
between the unequal. The teachers are there to help the students. It is the
student who is in need of teacher.
Definitely
contractual relationship has no place in educational context, though; it may be
prevalent in the postmodern education as lamented by Lyotard (1979). Such kind
of relationship is considered as subject and object relationship. Both are
using each other for individual interest at the expense of the other.
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