Man as a mystery: Self and spiritual awakening according to St. Augustine

 JONAS GAJES SALVADOR

Divine Word College of Laoag-Graduate School

Abstract

This paper explores the concept of man as the mystery emphasized by St. Augustine at the Middle Ages’ theocentric stage. In line with Augustine’s philosophic-theological analysis, this review explores the hermeneutical proposition of sinfulness: humans are intrinsically evil, and reveal themselves only in fragments, with self-knowledge often possible only in the solitary subject. The stillness engages humanity’s never-ceasing fascination with conversion, personal growth, and intellectualism as exemplified by Augustine’s journey of salvation from sin, character change, and philosophical pursuit. This work incorporates Augustine’s perspective on human beings particularly the consciousness of awareness and the stirrings of the soul with contemporary psychology and spirituality.

Keywords:

St. Augustine, human mystery, self-knowledge, spirituality, Middle Ages, theo-centric, conversion, theological philosophy, psychology of faith

Introduction

The Middle Ages or theocentric era was when philosophical and theological thought concerning God and humanity’s relation to the deity coincided. St. Augustine was one of the deepest thinkers of his era, and up to now, his doctrines in Christian teaching are still useful, especially the work on the nature of man and man’s self. In the words of Augustine, man is a “great mystery” and designates the self that can be partially known by others and sometimes self-inclusive. This contemplation analyzes the nature of Augustine’s anthropology, the possibility of true self-knowledge, and theological ideas that underpin modern discussions of psychology, belief, and spirituality.

The Middle Ages and the Theo-Centric Perspective

The Middle Ages are popularly remembered when religious thought was essential to the growth of intellectuality. For Augustine, this involved studying the human's ends hierarchically, regarding their actions and thoughts directed towards God. His ways of seeing things after the conversion with Mother Monica’s Christian background focused on the belief that only one can know oneself when one has a direction towards the Almighty, O’Donnell (2021). In this period secrets of human life were thought to be part of the universal divine plan and Augustine was convinced that man could know himself only by trying to know God.

St. Augustine’s Conversion and Change

The story of Augustine’s conversion is one of the most dramatic conversion stories of Christianity. Augustine was born to a Christian mother and a Pagan father, his childhood was constant inquiries about the truth concerning life and the divine, but without internal peace, Rist (2022). His conversion, granted in good measure because of the prayers of his mother Monica, must have represented for him an inner conflict, which he later characterized as the struggle of his flesh against his spirit. His salvation and subsequent baptism for Catholics constitute spiritual regeneration and new views and values in his perception of the human place in the universe.

All men who think that Self-Knowledge is an enigmatic pursuit are right.

Unlike simple introspective self-knowledge as is personified by Aristotle, Augustine elevated self-knowledge to another level. He believed this stating that if God did not disclose the information, mankind itself would not understand what it was all about. This follows today’s psychological understanding of personality as composed of myriad layers of self, shaped by factors besides the conscious mind, Smith (2023). The Confessions of Augustine illustrates his understanding of such a man: he is simultaneously capable of knowing himself – and presenting himself as the most brilliant enigma. This view points to the notion of man not being an autonomously functioning billet, but one that is socially constructed embedded in a relationship with the divine, thus embracing both the explicit and latent self.

Augustine’s continuing relevance: influence of his ideas for the present world.

The vector analysis of Augustine’s narration shows that his concept of man as a mystery is still useful for postmodern studies. In psychology, this is like Carl Jung’s “The Shadow” assertion which holds that humans have aspects to their identities that are mostly unknown, Johnson (2020). Likewise, the current theology of social science emphasizes the social behaviours of knowledge-seeking through supernatural agents, such as purpose finding. This concept is Augustine's work and depicts Augustine’s theological orientation of people as incomplete entities in a world without something or somebody greater than them.

 Conclusion

The idea that man is a ‘‘great mystery’’ expressed by St. Augustine perfectly represents the richness, profound, and tension of the human situation between ‘‘knowledge of oneself’’ and ‘‘orientation by God’’. His philosophy and theology suggest that, though deeply contemplative, there remains in man something still partially concealed, unveiling truths that God himself made known. Wanting to trace Augustine’s journey of conversion and his method of thinking as rigorous, it is possible to show faith as a method connecting the gap between ignorance and faith.

Augustine continues to be important in current debates of psychology and spirituality to current theories like African Carl Jung’s ‘shadow’. This superimposition illustrates the constant interconnection between reason and irrationality in human personality and that one should kneel to learn the truth about oneself. Religion is a way of answering the existential question as propped up by Augustine’s notion of self-understanding being connected with God.

Lastly, the theological views of Augustine of the theocentric Middle Ages form the backdrop against which to understand human aim considering divine enigma. His blend of rationality, faith, and anthropology probes in theology and psychology. In other words, by invoking the viewpoint of orientation toward God, Augustine provides a view of mankind that is at the same time positively spiritual and not detrimentally simplistic. For this reason, his life and thoughts show the fragile connection between religion, knowledge, and the infinite path of reflecting people’s existence in historical and present contexts to learn the struggle with the essence of humanity in today and past global experiences.

 References

Johnson, R. (2020). Jung on the human psyche: Exploring the shadow, anima, and archetypes. Princeton University Press. 

O’Donnell, J. J. (2021). Augustine: A new biography. Harper Perennial. 

Rist, J. M. (2022). Augustine: Ancient thought baptized. Cambridge University Press.            

Smith, M. E. (2023). Human mystery and self-understanding: Reflections on Augustine in modern psychology. Journal of Religious and Psychological Studies, 35(2), 45-58.  

Dasein in Teaching: Bridging Borders to Connect and Inspire Learners

 DAEVAN D. VERDADERO

Divine Word College of Laoag- Graduate School

Abstract

This reflective narrative describes a teacher's journey inspired by Martin Heidegger's concept of dasein. This concept stresses the importance of caring for others and making meaningful contributions to the community. In 2016, the author became a teacher. As a teacher, the author was inspired by Dolly Parton's teaching style. Also, this narrative tells the numerous issues and challenges facing the Philippine education system, such as curriculum reforms such as the K to12 program. In addition, the impact of globalization and technological advancements on education.

Creativity and effective teaching styles are important to address several issues in education. It is also significant to note the commitment of teachers in nurturing students’ skills, values, and adaptability. This signifies that teaching styles have changed to adapt the unforeseen events such as pandemics and natural disasters. It is worthy to note the significance of empathy, adaptability, and lifelong learning in addressing these challenges.

Lastly, the narrative shows the commitment, determination, and enthusiasm of educators who continue to provide high-quality instruction despite challenges, underlining their role as adaptable and responsive educators in an evolving educational setting.

Keywords: Dasein, K to 12 curriculum, teaching

Introduction

Dasein was first proposed by Martin Heidegger, who stressed that it is based in compassion and finds purpose in improving being alive. In my opinion, every activity, no matter how big or small, has an impact on society. I began to view my work as a teacher as a significant contribution to the community as a result of this insight.

In 2016, I earned my Bachelor's degree in Secondary Education with a major in Biological Sciences from a state university in Ilocos Norte. My career as a classroom teacher began in 2016 after I passed the licensure exam. I believe that my academic training and experiences honed my skills and provided me with both traditional and modern teaching strategies, as well as a strong foundation of educational theories and philosophies. These have helped me to become a successful and capable 21st-century educator.

As a person, I am inspired by Dolly Parton's words, "Find out who you are and do it on purpose." As God's son, I will live in this world believing in what I can do rather than what others say. I will be able to achieve more as a result of this. Similarly, being true to myself will enable me to accept my flaws and turn them into strengths. Living with this philosophy is one way of understanding and appreciating oneself. As a result, I will be empathetic with others, which will have a significant impact on others because it tends to come from a heart with pure motives to become the best one can be.

Teaching is a difficult profession that requires moulding and shaping young minds to be resilient and adaptable to whatever the future holds. This task is exacerbated by the rapid pace of technological advancements that propel modern civilization. Furthermore, we live in a society that is becoming more diverse, globalized, and saturated with complex media. Similarly, classrooms have become more multicultural, requiring educators to adapt to the changing educational landscape, including the broader effects on communities and ASEAN integration

Paramount to this, education prepares students for life in this world. Amidst many emerging social issues and concerns, students need to communicate, function, and create change personally, socially, economically, and politically on local, national, and global levels. Schools thus require teachers who are competent in many ways of learning to respond individually to each student. In this sense, teachers must develop innovative teaching and learning techniques for various types of learning. Teaching and learning techniques that rely on social history and daily lives might contribute to students' varied learning processes and cultures.

Philippine Education Crisis at A Glance

Unfortunately, efforts are also underway to align the Philippine basic education system with international standards by making it relevant and responsive to both local and global contexts (DepEd, 2019). According to Philippine Business for Education (2023), 9 out of 10 children aged 10 cannot read simple texts. Additionally, systemic support gaps have left teachers overburdened, underpaid, and disheartened, driving many to seek better opportunities abroad. These factors hinder the recruitment of future educators, diminish the teaching profession’s appeal, and undermine its recognition.

The K to 12 Program, like any curricular reform, has its own set of challenges. Results from both national and international standardized assessments indicate no significant improvements in Filipino learners' academic performance (Mullis, Martin, Foy, Kelly, and Fishbein, 2020). A review of the curriculum has identified areas for improvement, offering insights into what works, what can be strengthened, and where problems persist (Department of Education, 2023).

Addressing the challenges that affect teacher performance is critical, as teachers play a vital role in student learning. Key areas requiring intervention include enhancing subject matter expertise and pedagogical skills, particularly in high school, to effectively develop the 21st-century competencies students need (DepEd, 2022).

My Dasein, My Journey as a Teacher

To tune with my dasein, fostering skills and values formation is at the heart of education. I am committed to giving students the tools they need to see their value, analyze information and situations, and effectively solve real-world problems. It means that teaching is more than covering content, learning is merely taking in, and assessment is more than accurate recall. Thus, profound understanding is assured when students are put in an actual learning environment and let them manipulate, relate, and adapt to various learning opportunities and resources available within the community. Lessons become more real-life, customized, and appropriate.

Similarly, I constantly expose my students to creative challenges, which increases their confidence and creative competence. They will build confidence to create something worthwhile, draw and develop their capacity to frame opportunities for change and form ideas emphasizing the importance of feedback and experiences.  As a result, they will become more accountable for their learning.

However, some of my current educational philosophies are no longer applicable in the learning setup caused by the pandemic and even catastrophes. As we shift to another setup, how could we engage our learners in the teaching and learning process and ensure they are learning if we are separated in the actual setup?

With the different unprecedented scenarios, empathy is required. My learners are struggling to cope with the abrupt changes, which are exacerbated by various factors such as limited materials, a lack of available learning facilitators, health issues (fear, anxiety, etc.), and others. As a teacher, I must be sensitive to their current circumstances and provide learning interventions that benefit them.

Besides, a good teacher cannot begin or continue to inspire learning unless they are a learner. As a result, a teacher is not only a teacher but also a lifelong learner. In this regard, I am convinced that I must keep the fires of knowledge, dedication, and passion burning by compiling a library of professional expertise, furthering my education, and actively attending workshops and conferences with other teachers to share ideas, practices and innovations.

It is worth emphasizing that teachers are crossing the border with a positive attitude and persistent enthusiasm to guarantee that they can continue to provide quality education despite the risks posed by the physical distribution of learning kits and modules.

Indeed, teachers' resilience, passion, and commitment during these trying times made them become the responsive teachers who cross the borders to connect the students. 

Conclusions

            The role of a teacher is incomparable. Aside from delivering quality instruction, teachers shape lives and even adapt to societal and educational demands to meet the diverse needs of students. The concept of dasein by Heidegger suggests that teaching becomes the fruit of an act of care and even a meaningful contribution to society. Based on various assessments that were conducted, the educational system in the country faces various challenges such as ratifying the curriculum, globalization and unforeseen problems like pandemics and catastrophes but teachers remain committed to fostering students’ skills, values, and resilience. Through empathy, creativity, and meaningful learning, teachers not only address the changing needs of education but also ignite transformation making an indelible ink that could last on individuals and the society as a whole.

References

Department of Education Order No. 21, s. 2019. Policy guidelines on the K-12 Basic
Education Program. Pasig City: DepEd.

Department of Education. (2022). Philippine education plan 2030. Pasig City: DepEd.

Department of Education. (2023). General shaping paper. Pasig City: DepEd.

Mullis, I., Martin, M., Foy, P., Kelly, D. and Fishbein, B. (2020). TIMSS 2019
International Results in Mathematics and Science.
Retrieved from https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2019/international-results/ on November 15, 2024.

PBED 2023.A Report on the state of Philippine education. Retrieved from https://pbed.ph/blogs/47/PBEd/State%20of%20Philippine%20Education%20Report%202023 on November 15, 2024.     

 

Building a Better Society: The Role of Empathy, Integrity, and Active Citizenship

 Ronald T. Ventura, City of Batac National High School Poblacion

Abstract

Empathy, honesty, and active citizenship are essential for building strong, cohesive communities in the linked world of today. By comprehending the viewpoints of others, empathy fosters genuine connections between people from different backgrounds and encourages respect for one another. Integrity establishes the foundation for trust and responsibility, which are necessary for cooperative relationships and the advancement of society. Active citizenship gives people the ability to solve societal concerns and advance the common good through civic responsibilities including advocacy and volunteer work. When combined, these principles have a cascading impact that fortifies social ties, encourages civic engagement, and fosters an inclusive community where individuals collaborate to construct a sustainable and just future.

Keywords:

Empathy, Integrity, Active Citizenship, Community Cohesion, Social Responsibility, Trust 

Introduction

Since people have the power to influence society in the linked world of today, qualities like compassion, integrity, and civic involvement are crucial for promoting social responsibility and communal cohesiveness. These principles foster togetherness, respect, and trust—all of which contribute to the flexibility and well-being of society. In his famous quote, "The purpose of human life is to serve, and to show compassion and the will to help others," Albert Schweitzer emphasized the value of empathy, moral character, and engaged citizenship in creating inclusive, resilient communities. Empathy promotes mutual respect and healing by facilitating compassion and connection. While active citizenship motivates people to participate in social issues for common aims and the common good, integrity sustains trust by establishing relationships based on honesty and responsibility. When combined, these values create a solid, encouraging community that motivates people to strive for everyone's well-being and advancement.

Empathy: The Foundation of Social Bonding

Social cohesion depends on empathy since it allows individuals to form strong bonds by comprehending and sharing the viewpoints of others, which promotes compassion and respect between various groups (Singer & Klimecki, 2021). Empathy increases awareness of others' needs and difficulties by pushing people to see beyond their own experiences. This enables people from diverse backgrounds to get over obstacles and establish sincere connections. People are more likely to collaborate, be tolerant, and maintain open channels of communication in settings where empathy is practised, all of which improve social cohesiveness. Since internet communication sometimes lacks the emotional depth required for genuine connection, empathy has become even more important for preserving a feeling of community in the current digital era, when online encounters sometimes take the place of in-person ones. By actively practising empathy via techniques like active listening, refraining from passing judgment, and providing support, these difficulties can be resolved, improving inclusion and lowering the likelihood of confrontations. By establishing environments where individuals feel appreciated, understood, and inspired to help one another, empathy therefore acts as a bridge across divides, promoting a more compassionate and cohesive society (Schurz et al., 2021).

Integrity: The Basis of Accountability and Trust

Integrity, which is frequently seen as the cornerstone of moral and responsible behaviour, is crucial for encouraging accountability and establishing trust in society. Integrity, which is based on responsibility, honesty, and consistency, creates the foundation for constructive social interactions by building trust that permits collaboration and common objectives. "A person who acts honourably builds a foundation of trust that permits cooperative relationships and shared objectives," emphasize Ugur and Akyol (2022), highlighting integrity's function as a stabilizing factor that fosters cooperation. In interpersonal, professional, and community connections, trust erodes when integrity is lacking, impeding advancement and lessening positive societal influence. When people in a society pledge to be honest and accountable, they foster a culture that values openness and respect for one another, which makes the society more robust and cohesive. Communities are strengthened by this common dedication to integrity because it inspires individuals to participate in group problem-solving and makes them feel appreciated and respected. A culture of integrity, as noted by Kumar et al. (2023), fosters cooperation and creates a trustworthy, inclusive community, strengthening the social fabric by motivating people to work together for the benefit of everyone.

Active Citizenship: Participation in Constructive Transformation

A strong force behind social advancement, active citizenship—which includes civic responsibilities like voting, lobbying, volunteering, and community organizing—demonstrates a dedication to tackling shared issues like equality, education, and environmental sustainability (Tibbitts & Rothenberg, 2023). In addition to assisting in resolving societal problems, involved citizens foster a sense of duty and purpose in a society where people are deeply invested in the well-being of their peers. More individuals are inspired to raise concerns, support one another, and push for good change as a result of this devotion, which strengthens the social fabric and fosters accountability. Engaging in active citizenship promotes diversity and inclusion, both of which are critical for tackling today's intricate problems. Communities may produce more equitable and effective solutions while fostering a feeling of respect and agency among individuals by establishing venues where different points of view are valued. In the end, active citizenship symbolizes the notion that everyone can help create a better future by building resilient communities in which everyone may prosper.

 

The Relationship Between Active Citizenship, Integrity, and Empathy

In a cycle that inspires significant contributions to society, empathy, integrity, and active citizenship work in concert to produce a potent synergy that improves communal well-being and fosters social resilience. Concern for the hardships and experiences of others is cultivated by empathy, which in turn encourages compassion and motivates social justice, sustainability, and educational initiatives—all of which are essential for engaged citizenship. As the glue holding empathy and active citizenship together, integrity provides the dependability and honesty necessary for legitimate civic involvement. It guarantees that activities for social improvement are sincere, fostering trust and promoting more participation. Others are motivated by this common dedication to accountability and honesty, fortifying communal ties and establishing respect for enduring social projects. A balanced framework of empathy, integrity, and active citizenship encourages people to strive for the common good and promotes an inclusive society that honours different viewpoints and common objectives. This harmony fosters the connection and justice necessary for a more just world by fostering a caring, accountable society.

Conclusion

Living true to the values of empathy, integrity, and active citizenship is the first step towards improving society. Active citizenship inspires community engagement, empathy fosters inclusivity and understanding, and integrity builds trust. These ideas work together to provide a powerfully beneficial ripple effect that benefits the individual as well as society as a whole. Everyone desires a sustainable and meaningful future in a community founded on civic responsibility, integrity, and compassion. By embracing these principles, people may contribute to the creation of a world in which everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

 

References

Schurz, M., Malonda, E., & Koster-Hale, J. (2021). The role of empathy in human social interactions. Social Neuroscience, 16(5), 394-407.

Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2021). Empathy and compassion in human relations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 47-52.

Ugur, N. G., & Akyol, B. (2022). Ethical behaviour and integrity in the digital age. Ethics  and Information Technology, 24, 67-83.

Kumar, R., Sethi, S., & Kumar, A. (2023). Accountability in fostering trust within communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(2), 135-148.

Tibbitts, F., & Rothenberg, S. (2023). Educating for active citizenship: A global  perspective. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 18(1), 22-36.

Building a fair Hiring process: Overcoming political challenges

 BLESSIE JANE PAZ B. ANTONIO

JANICE D. RASAY

Divine Word College of Laoag, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Abstract

The hiring process and promotions involving politics is a critical component of governance that has an effect on public trust and the integrity of the organization. This paper explores the ethical issues in the political hiring process and promotions of individuals. It discusses hiring processes like nepotism and political patronage systems and the effects of these on both individuals and the organization. It also discusses the importance of transparency and accountability measures in the hiring process and promotion. The paper concludes that it is important to prioritize transparency and accountability so that the vacant positions are filled with qualified individuals who will have a better contribution to the efficiency of the organization.

Keywords: Nepotism, favouritism, political hiring, Political patronage, ethical, transparency, accountability

Introduction

Every organization is striving to have effective recruitment and selection practices to retain well-qualified, experienced, and skilled employees for a specific position, but then again in a competitive job market, applicants are struggling to find a suitable job for their career. (Santos et. al., 2020). Human Resources is responsible for maintaining a productive and harmonious work environment and supporting the organization’s overall goals by effectively managing its human capital. Thus, hiring the wrong candidate or failing to hire suitable candidates would result in low performance and workplace failure. (Santos et. al., 2020). While merit and qualifications are important, there are factors like personal connections and political alliances that affect the hiring and selection process of human resources. To protect public sector jobs from becoming instruments of political patronage, employment decisions must be governed by impartial, meritocratic hiring practices. But in many civil service systems, politicians retain broad discretion in personnel decisions. (Prem et.al., 2019). Discretion, this argument goes, allows politicians to hire and promote candidates whose competence and motivation are not easily measured in formal examinations. (Prem et.al., 2019). This political hiring process often reflects societal issues like biases, poor governance, corruption and diminishing public trust. The integrity and fairness of the hiring process are also affected. The key factors of employee performance are integrity, reliability, and honesty in discharging their job responsibilities. Therefore, it is vital to conduct a staffing process without any pressure or political influence (Santos et. al.,2020).

Nepotism in Political Hiring or Political Connections

Nepotism can be defined as favouritism towards relatives, usually in the form of offering them jobs. (Ragauskas et.al, 2020). In the public sector, it is considered a particularly toxic phenomenon as it goes against the public interest: citizens generally expect that public employees should deserve their jobs, hired according to merit-based criteria (Fisman and Golden 2017). Often, candidates with strong political ties or networks may receive preferential treatment during the hiring, process. These are situations where less qualified individuals are hired over more competent candidates simply due to their connections. For example, in a certain department in a government unit, they hire an applicant based on the discretion of the political individuals regardless of their qualifications. This can both affect the applicants and the organization. Applicants hired based on discretion may feel less valued and less committed to their roles. They may feel like they were not chosen for their skills and abilities, but rather for other reasons, which can lead to lower job satisfaction and a higher turnover rate. Also, when they are hired based on political connections, they may not have the same level of training and development opportunities as those who are seen as more "deserving." This can limit their career growth potential. For the organization, it could lower productivity. This can lead to a workforce that is not as skilled or competent as it could be., So, this will result to reduced efficiency and a decline in the overall performance of the organization.

Political Patronage Systems

Political patronage is the appointment or hiring of a person to a government post on the basis of partisan loyalty. Elected officials at the national, state, and local levels of government use such appointments to reward the people who help them win and maintain office. This practice led to the saying, “To the victor belong the spoils.” (Baracskay, 2009). The term was by New York Senator William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828, with the term spoils meaning goods or benefits taken from the loser in a competition, election or military victory. The saying simply explains “The winner gets the rewards”. An example of this is when an individual shows loyalty during the campaign work, financial contributions, or other forms of assistance during elections to a political individual in return for favours like giving them a job or promoting them to a higher position. Basically, they are hired based on their loyalty not on merit and qualifications. This practice can result in inefficiency and corruption within governmental agencies as loyalty replaces competence.

The Importance of Transparency

Transparency lays the foundation for building trust between candidates and organizations. By openly sharing information about the company culture, values and expectations, companies create an environment of honesty and authenticity. This, in turn, instils confidence in candidates, fostering stronger employer-candidate relationships. (Sequeira, 2024). We often consider the behaviour of the job applicants and their honesty in presenting their credentials when conducting recruitment and selection processes. But transparency also applies to the organization or the employer. Employers have the responsibility to run a transparent hiring process for their potential applicants. A transparent recruiting process is characterized by clarity, integrity, and fairness from the hiring organization. Every applicant should be treated equally and fairly. A transparent hiring process also makes the applicant feel respected which in return it develops a positive employee relationship. This positivity will be carried into their work life. his increases the chances that they will become loyal workers significantly reducing employee turnover rates.

Conclusion

The hiring process and promotion of individuals need careful consideration to prevent ethical issues like nepotism, corruption, political connections and even poor governance. These issues can affect the public trust as well as the integrity of the organization. To prevent these issues, it is important to prioritize transparency and accountability in the hiring process and promotion. An organization known for being transparent will make a good reputation to the public. We can also ensure that the qualified individuals who are committed to serving the public should be hired based on merit, not on political influences. Thus, everything that an organization do affects its reputation. If you are viewed as a reliable and transparent employer/organization even in standard yet critical processes like recruitment and hiring process, it shows your capacity for reliability in the way you treat your employees, do business, and handle challenges.

References

Santos, A., Armano, A., Setiawan, M., Rofiq, A. (2020) Effect of recruitment, selection and culture of organizations on state personnel performance. Management Science Letters. DOI:10.5267/j.msl.2019.11.042

Prem, M.,Teso, E., Collonnellie, E.,(2019). The role of political connections in public employment dynamics.

Ragauskas R., Valeskaite, I.(2020). Nepotism, political competition and overemployment. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1781542

Baracskay, D.(2009).Political Patronage. Free Speech Center. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/political-patronage/

Sequeira, C.(2024). why is transparency crucial in the recruitment process?.hi!re. https://www.hiire.me/post/the-power-of-transparency-in-the-recruitment-process

 

 

 

 

The Ethical Challenges of Temporary Employment: Philippines context.

 Jessa N. Magat and Janice C. Maligsay

Divine Word College of Laoag

Abstract

This paper explores the ethical considerations of temporary employment in the Philippines. This topic further contemplates an upward trend that has greatly influenced the country's labour or employment market. Based on recent studies, economic data and market statistics, multidimensional and versatile ethical challenges are catalyzed by temporary work arrangements and modality. This includes insecurity of employment, remuneration disparities, limited opportunity for benefits and professional development programs, as well as the potentiality for the risk of worker exploitation or unfair labour practice.

It also tackles the comprehensive impacts on society such as the effects on community and economic sustainability, communal solidarity, and workplace culture. By considering these matters, this research aims to impart ideas to the ongoing discourse on fair labour practices and models for a more equitable and sustained temporary employment framework.

Keywords: Temporary Workers, Employment, Job Security and Stability, Benefits and Protections of Workers, Career Development Opportunities, Workplace Culture and Employee Morale

Introduction

The Philippine labour market has practised a significant shift towards irregular forms of employment on temporary and contractual work arrangements. This is now common in the different sectors of the economy. Employees who are engaged in the temporary employment service are in the limelight of this transformation experiencing both the advantages and disadvantages. The ethical issues of temporary employment continue to be a growing concern in our community, not only for those who are closely involved in this industry but for the Filipino community as a whole.

Temporary employment imposes flexibility for both employers and their workers. It also creates significant ethical questions in our community. These concerns include the aforementioned job security, access to benefits, wage disparities, and the potential for exploitation. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) reports that non-regular workers earn on average 20% less than their regular counterparts in similar positions (DOLE, 2023). Furthermore, this study suggests that only a small portion of temporary workers in the Philippines have access to social protection benefits such as SSS, PhilHealth, and Pag-IBIG, compared to regular employees.

The ethical implications extend beyond the individual workers affecting the communities in the Philippines. Areas with a high number of temporary employment often experience greater economic instability and reduced social harmony. Research from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies suggests that areas with above-average rates of non-regular employment show lower rates of household savings and reduced access to credit (PIDS, 2022).

This topic is particularly relevant as we are currently employed under a contract of service arrangement. Our personal experiences underscore the broader implications of temporary employment practices and highlight the urgency of addressing these ethical concerns.

Job Security and Stability

Job security is the assurance an employee has that they can continue working on their current job for the foreseeable future. It also means feeling safe from factors like layoffs, sudden changes in business performance or economic factors (Herrity, 2023)

One of the main issues with temporary work is job security and stability, especially when considering the labour market in the Philippines. The rise in non-traditional work arrangements or simply temporary employment has resulted in a dramatic change in the workplace, creating an impact on employees' general well-being and sense of security.

The lack of job security associated with temporary employment has considerable effects on temporary workers. Temporary employees often experience higher levels of job insecurity, which can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and reduced job satisfaction. In the Philippine context, this insecurity is intensified by the practice of "endo" (end-of-contract). ENDO-contracting/contractualization refers to the situation where a company hires workers on contracts instead of being hired as regular employees to increase profits (Fisher, 2023).

The challenges of job security in temporary employment require a complex approach. The Philippine government has attempted to regulate the use of temporary contracts through Department Order No. 174-17, which aims to protect workers' rights and limit abusive contracting practices (DOLE, 2017). However, enforcement of these policies remains a challenge, and many tend to argue that more comprehensive labour law reforms are necessary to fully address the issue of job insecurity in the temporary employment sector.

Benefits and Protections of Workers

Employers are also required to provide fair wages and benefits, safe and healthy working conditions, and access to social security and other benefits. Additionally, workers are protected against discrimination, harassment, and forced labour. (Workers’ Rights in the Philippines | HSS Philippines, n.d.)

The inequality in access to benefits and protections between temporary and permanent workers is equally a significant ethical concern. This inequality not only affects the immediate well-being of workers but also has long-term implications for their financial security and overall quality of life.

The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE, 2023) reports that only 35% of temporary workers in the Philippines have access to social security benefits, compared to 92% of the employees with regular positions. This contrast extends to other crucial employee benefits such as health insurance, paid leave, and retirement plans. The lack of these protections leaves temporary workers vulnerable to financial instability and health risks, intensifying existing socioeconomic inequalities in the country.

This issue further requires a multi-stakeholder consideration. Initiatives of the Civil Service Commission (CSC), the Commission on Audit (COA), and the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) were amended in Joint Circular No.1, s. 2017 that existing qualified Contract of Service and Job Order workers shall be considered for appointment to the vacant positions of government agencies subject to existing civil service laws, rules, and regulations and CSC-approved Merit Selection Plans.

Wage Disparities in Temporary Employment

Wage disparities between temporary and permanent workers in the Philippines represent a significant ethical challenge in the labour market. These disparities do not only affect individual workers' livelihoods but also have broader implications for economic inequality and social mobility in the country.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2022), temporary workers earn about 22% less than their permanent counterparts, even when doing the same job. This gap is especially noticeable in industries like manufacturing, retail, and services, which rely heavily on temporary labour.

Cilenti (2023) states that discrimination happens when employees are paid differently for doing the same job or work of equal value, based on factors like gender, race, or age. There are different types of pay discrimination, including:

• Wage discrimination: This occurs when employees are paid different wages for the same job or similar work. A common example is the gender pay gap.
• Promotion discrimination: When employees are denied promotions or advancement opportunities based on discriminatory factors, leading to lower pay and fewer benefits.
• Benefits discrimination: This happens when employees receive different benefits, like health insurance or retirement packages, due to discrimination

Wage disparities require a combination of policy reinforcement and modifications in corporate practices.

Career Development Opportunities

The limited access to career development opportunities for temporary workers in the Philippines presents a significant ethical challenge in the realm of employment as well. This disparity does not only affect individual career paths but also has broader implications for personnel development and economic competitiveness.

The reasons for this disparity are difficult to identify. Many employers are reluctant to invest in training development programs for their temporary workers due to turnover risks. However, this short-term approach often results in a less skilled workforce overall, impacting productivity and innovation (Lanzona, 2019). Moreover, the lack of career development opportunities can lead to decreased job satisfaction and motivation among temporary workers, further impairing workplace equality.

The long-term consequences of limited career development opportunities extend beyond individual workers. Orbeta (2020) argues that the underinvestment in temporary workers' skills contributes to a mismatch between labour market needs and workforce capabilities in the Philippines. This mismatch can hamper economic development and reduce the country's competitiveness in increasingly knowledge-based global markets.

Some progressive companies in the Philippines have begun implementing inclusive training programs that encompass both permanent and temporary workers. As a response, some agencies require their employees under temporary work arrangements to render service equivalent to the training period and expenses.

Additionally, government initiatives such as the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) aim to provide alternative pathways for skill development.

Potential for Exploitation in Temporary Employment

The precarious nature of temporary employment in the Philippines creates significant vulnerabilities for workers, increasing the potential for exploitation. This raises critical ethical concerns about worker rights, dignity, and fair labour practices.

According to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE, 2023), complaints about unfair labour practices among temporary workers increased by 28% over the past five years. Common issues include unpaid overtime, unsafe working conditions, and arbitrary dismissals. The practice of "endo" (end-of-contract), where workers are repeatedly hired on short-term contracts to avoid granting them regular status, is particularly problematic and has been a focus of recent policy debates.

The potential for exploitation is exacerbated by the power imbalances inherent in temporary employment relationships. A study by Serrano et al. (2021) found that 67% of temporary workers in the Philippines reported feeling unable to refuse excessive work hours or dangerous tasks due to fear of job loss. This vulnerability is particularly acute in sectors with high concentrations of temporary workers, such as manufacturing, construction, and domestic work.

The consequences of exploitation extend beyond individual workers to affect families and communities. Exploitative practices can lead to physical and mental health issues, financial instability, and reduced quality of life for workers and their dependents. Moreover, the normalization of exploitative practices in certain industries can create a "race to the bottom" in terms of labour standards, potentially undermining decent work conditions across the economy (Marasigan, 2020).

Effects on Workplace Culture and Employee Morale

The occurrence of temporary employment in the Philippines has significant implications for workplace culture and employee morale, raising ethical concerns about organizational cohesion, job satisfaction, and overall workplace well-being.

Integrating temporary workers into permanent teams often creates a "two-tier" workforce, potentially leading to tensions and reduced collaboration. Temporary workers may feel less invested in the organization's long-term success, while permanent employees might view their temporary colleagues as competition or threats to their job security. This dynamic can undermine teamwork, knowledge sharing, and overall productivity.

The impact on employee morale extends beyond the workplace. Temporary workers experiencing job insecurity and lower job satisfaction may carry these stresses into their personal lives, affecting their overall well-being and their families. This can create a cycle of reduced engagement and productivity.

Addressing these challenges requires thoughtful management practices and organizational policies. Some companies in the Philippines have implemented innovative approaches to bridge the gap between temporary and permanent workers. These include mentorship programs, inclusive team-building activities, and clear pathways for temporary workers to transition to permanent roles (Ofreneo & Serrano, 2021). Additionally, fostering a culture of transparency and open communication can help alleviate tensions and promote a more inclusive work environment.

Conclusion

The research of temporary employment in the Philippines reveals a complex landscape of ethical challenges that extend far beyond individual worker experiences to impact entire communities and the broader economy. The occurrence of job insecurity, wage disparities, limited access to benefits and career development opportunities, and the potential for exploitation underscores the urgent need for comprehensive reform in both company policy and practice. Our analysis highlights several key areas for action, including legislative reform to strengthen and enforce labour laws, encouraging corporate responsibility through the adoption of more ethical labour practices, expanding social protection and access to benefits for temporary workers, implementing broader initiatives for skills development, developing targeted programs to support affected communities, and fostering more inclusive organizational practices to improve workplace culture.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving government, businesses, labour organizations, and civil society. By working towards more equitable and sustainable models of temporary employment, the Philippines can balance the need for labour market flexibility with the ethical imperative to protect workers' rights and well-being. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions, exploring innovative models of temporary employment that prioritize worker welfare, and examining the long-term socioeconomic impacts of temporary employment trends on Philippine society.

Ultimately, the ethical implications of temporary employment in the Philippines call for a reimagining of labour relations that places human dignity and sustainable development at its core. Only through such a paradigm shift can the country hope to create a more just and equitable labour market that benefits all stakeholders in the long term.

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