Job Satisfaction: Its Significance in the Evolving Corporate Landscape

 Albert Francis Tan

Northern Christian College of Laoag

Abstract       

            This article will analyze the pivotal role and significance of the human resource or workforce in the corporate environment. It will help trace the contribution of human resources through job satisfaction, offering a comprehensive examination of its role in societal development and its relevance in the contemporary era, where corporations are increasingly sophisticated in their policies and standards, particularly in human resource management. Furthermore, the article will explore the impact of workforce satisfaction on their effectiveness and efficiency in their roles, highlighting their role as a formidable and crucial factor in the company’s growth and success, whether job satisfaction is a boon or a detriment.

Keywords

Job Satisfaction; Job Dissatisfaction; Bankruptcy; Conducive Environment; Strike; Stoppage of Work; Positive Reinforcement; Negative Reinforcement

Introduction

            The corporate landscape is in continuous evolution, necessitating a corresponding shift in its responsibilities. Initially characterized by straightforward rules and regulations, corporate policies have evolved into more sophisticated, intricate frameworks to navigate a dynamic environment. Within every corporation, its most valuable assets, second only to capital or financial resources, are its human resources. Without these human resources, a company cannot achieve sustained growth. Consequently, retaining the right individuals and talent is paramount to the company’s development.

            For millennia, since the inception of industrialization, the workforce has been overlooked and undervalued by management primarily for for-profit maximization. This is evident in its dark history, where the workforce has been disregarded for the sake of profitability. Corporations undermined the need for a conducive, healthy work environment, often providing minimal or no benefits. The past industrial revolution painted a grim picture of the arduous conditions endured by workers during work hours. Benefits were limited, protections were inadequate, and social benefits were nonexistent.

            At the dawn of the 21st century, the emphasis shifted towards the development and sustenance of its workforce. New, more effective policies were implemented to address the evolving needs of its workforce, thereby ensuring continued effectiveness and efficiency. It is paramount to foster a collaborative, harmonious atmosphere in the workplace. In this regard, most companies now strive to create a corporate environment that is welcoming, professional, and conducive to the well-being of every individual in the organization. The retention of a pool of competent and productive employees remains a constant concern for managers. Job satisfaction emerges as a pivotal factor in achieving this objective, as it facilitates a harmonious balance between work and the stress employees experience.

Job Satisfaction, Job Dissatisfaction, and Bankruptcy

            In today’s business landscape, companies are increasingly recognizing the critical role of an effective and efficient workforce in achieving their objectives, both in terms of profitability and sustainability. Workforce satisfaction has gained significant attention as it is the backbone of any company and the driving force behind its success.

            Job satisfaction is a complex, multifaceted concept that can mean different things to different individuals. It is often associated with motivation, though the two mean different things. “Job satisfaction is more an attitude, an internal state. It could be associated with a personal feeling of achievement, either quantitative or qualitative.” (Buchanan, 2006)

            Job satisfaction is a crucial factor for both employee well-being and organizational success. This ultimately leads to enhanced performance, improved retention, and a positive work environment. Satisfied employees tend to be more motivated, productive, and loyal, whereas dissatisfaction can lead to decreased performance and increased turnover. Furthermore, job satisfaction has consistently been a double-edged sword, capable of both positive and negative outcomes. For employees, it is often perceived as a means to achieve their personal goals, whether through promotions or other avenues. Conversely, some employees view it as an ineffective tool, particularly those who are disengaged and only present for financial reasons. In such cases, job satisfaction is irrelevant and does not contribute to the company’s success as long as they fulfill their basic responsibilities. Job satisfaction can be conceptualized as the extent to which an employee derives positive emotional attachments from their employment, thereby leading to greater job satisfaction and, subsequently, enhancing their effectiveness and efficiency. The positive emotional state achieved through the successful completion of assigned tasks serves as a testament to the promotion of job satisfaction (Al-Haidan et al., 2022; Oluwatayo & Adetoro, 2020; Nduati & Wanyoike, 2022; Siahaan, 2022; Hudson et al., 2020).

            Although individuals experience satisfaction, some may remain dissatisfied with their current employment. Job dissatisfaction can both cause and result from financial distress, potentially leading to bankruptcy. Furthermore, a company’s bankruptcy can lead to job insecurity and employee dissatisfaction. This phenomenon is evident in the corporate landscape of the Philippines, where companies with dissatisfied employees have contributed to the demise of various businesses, as evidenced by numerous bank and business closures (e.g., in cottage, small, and medium-sized industries) across the country.

            Workplace dissatisfaction can also lead to strikes, work stoppages, and other forms of employee unrest. These actions can gradually disrupt the establishment's daily operations, negatively impacting its standing and stability as mass withdrawals and a loss of confidence in the company become increasingly likely. Financial strain is one factor contributing to unpreparedness to cope with dissatisfaction, as employees may feel underpaid or lack opportunities for advancement. This can lead to significant financial distress, resulting in overwhelming debt and the need to file for bankruptcy (Bain and Gray, Feb 2024).

            Career change risk can also contribute to employee dissatisfaction, as it motivates them to change careers or pursue higher education. This can increase financial vulnerability for both parties involved. Lastly, poor decision-making also contributes to employee unhappiness (Bain and Gray, Feb. 2024), as individuals may feel pressured to “keep up” with trends or lifestyles, leading to poor budgeting and ultimately insolvency.

            It is undeniable that when employees are content, happy, and satisfied in their jobs, they tend to produce better output and become more efficient. Providing a better and conducive workplace is a moral obligation of the company towards its employees. Furthermore, a fair and justifiable compensation package, including remuneration pay, plays a vital role in ensuring employee satisfaction and fostering a culture of fairness and respect.

            A well-defined system of wage packages, incentives, performance bonuses, benefits, merits, and awards not only eliminates employee concerns regarding their performance but also builds confidence between the management and the workforce. 

            For the company or management, the impact of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction is equally significant. A delighted workforce is more likely to achieve the company’s objectives, experience lower turnover, and produce higher output. While this may entail increased incentives and benefits for employees, the associated expenses are relatively minor compared to the substantial contributions and output they generate. Consequently, a more positive and conducive work environment is fostered, benefiting everyone involved. Conversely, dissatisfaction can result in increased disruptions, reduced or no production, abandonment of work, and similar consequences. These actions may ultimately lead to the company’s insolvency due to their negative impact on investors and customers, potentially resulting in bankruptcy.

            In the Philippine corporate environment, the employer-employee relationship has proven pivotal in determining a company’s success or failure. Companies with unionized labor forces actively intervene to address the concerns of both parties, reaching a mutually beneficial solution and preventing undesirable outcomes. This practice is commonly observed in companies that use an “end-of-contract” system, in which employees are hired only on a seasonal, trial, or temporary basis. This system creates a loophole that allows employers to terminate contracts before they are regularized, thereby avoiding the payment of benefits. While the Department of Labor and Employment has taken steps to discourage employers from using this practice, many still do so, particularly in the fast-food industry. Although it may be necessary for companies to adhere to this mechanism due to financial constraints and low profitability, this does not justify implementing such a tool. Consequently, many individuals find themselves unemployed and must undergo the arduous process of job searching again shortly after, which adds to employees' financial burden.

 

            Therefore, the morality and ethical values of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction depend on both parties involved. Satisfied employees will always yield better results and create loyalty to the company. On the other hand, employees who are dissatisfied with their current jobs for various reasons, whether or not related to the company’s policies, should also be considered. This is because human cognition is diverse, and preferences vary from one individual to another. Furthermore, the company also has a responsibility to provide a humane working environment for its employees, thereby eliminating job dissatisfaction. While wages and salaries may be the primary concern for employees, well-organized, systematic management also helps alleviate job dissatisfaction in the workplace. 

Conclusion

            This article provides an overview of the significant transformations and challenges the workforce has faced throughout its history, from its inception to the present day. A well-established set of policies and regulations serves as a guiding framework for both management and employees, fostering a harmonious relationship and dispelling any uncertainties regarding their compensation and benefits. Consequently, this approach contributes to enhanced job satisfaction. While wages alone do not guarantee a seamless relationship between management and employees, they serve as a valuable tool in cultivating a more conducive working environment and ultimately leading to job satisfaction and loyalty.

            To the employees, job satisfaction plays a pivotal role in enhancing motivation and performance. When employees are satisfied with their jobs, it fosters motivation, leading them to perform more efficiently and produce higher yields that exceed expectations. Furthermore, job satisfaction instills a sense of purpose and fulfillment, which positively impacts an employee’s emotional connection to their work. Consequently, it reduces absenteeism, as contented employees are less likely to miss work. Moreover, job satisfaction served as a mechanism that facilitated common ground between employees and management, ultimately improving the well-being of both parties. 

 

 

References

The Importance of Job Satisfaction. Charleston Southern University. July 20, 2023.

Employee Satisfaction: The Cornerstone of Business Success. Lyra Health. September 9, 2024.

The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction on Compensation, Work Environment, and Employee Performance: Evidence from Indonesia - Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues. Vsl Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, Vol 8(2), pages 735-750, December 2020.

Why Job Satisfaction Should be a Priority for HR Leaders. HR Vision Event. April 8, 2025.

What is Job Satisfaction? The Effect on Employee Performance. Bain and Gray. February 7, 2024.

Closure or Cessation of Business - Labor Law PH. April 19, 2025.

5 Common Causes of Bankruptcy. Mark P. Cussen. November 20, 2025.

Analyzing the impact of employee job satisfaction on their job behavior: An analysis from the perspective of job performance. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity. Vol. 10, Issue 4, December 2024, 100427. Md. Abu Issa Gazi, Mohd Faizal Yusof, et al.

Job Satisfaction: Understanding the Meaning, Importance, and Dimensions. May 2024. Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship. Belur O. Baxi and Dipole Arte.

The Significant Relationship between Work Performance and Job Satisfaction in the Philippines. June 2013. Annierah M Usop, Maeda Langguyuan Kadtong, Datu Amir, and Sajid O Usop.

 

 

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Reconceptualizing Human Existence in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Philosophical Analysis

 Karen C. Calaycay, MBA

Abstract

            This study provided an analytical exploration of the philosophical concept of human existence, tracing its evolution from ancient thought to the contemporary implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. By examining the philosophical progression from early notions of humans as integral to nature to modern existential and Marxist perspectives, the research highlighted the intricate interplay between human self-awareness, moral capacity, and the dialectical unity of existence. Furthermore, it analyzed the challenges and opportunities introduced by rapid technological advancement, emphasising their impact on human identity, social relations, and moral consciousness. The findings underscored the enduring relevance of philosophical reflection in addressing the existential dilemmas emerging from technological transformation. Ultimately, the study offered a comprehensive framework for understanding human existence amid the shifting paradigms of the twenty-first century.

Keywords: Human Existence; Western Philosophy; Existentialism; Marxist Thought; Fourth Industrial Revolution; Technological Transformation.

Introduction

            The philosophical quest to define and understand human existence has been central to intellectual inquiry since the origins of philosophy. This study examined the historical evolution of this quest, from ancient contemplations of humanity’s place in nature to contemporary concerns shaped by technological transformation. It sought to critically assess how major philosophical paradigms have redefined notions of self-awareness, dignity, freedom, and moral responsibility, particularly in response to the accelerating forces of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Philosophy has historically functioned as a medium of social and existential reflection, addressing the nature of being and the conditions that constitute a meaningful human life. Early philosophical thought did not sharply distinguish human existence from broader cosmological inquiry; rather, it viewed humanity as part of a natural and moral order. Over time, however, philosophical discourse developed a more precise focus on human subjectivity, individuality, and ethical autonomy.

The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has introduced new challenges to these philosophical foundations. Technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and automation have redefined the parameters of human identity and social interaction (Meincke, 2023; Descombes, 2023). These developments demand a renewed philosophical investigation into human ontology, selfhood, and social existence (Mackay, 2022). By integrating insights from ancient philosophy, existentialism, and Marxism, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of human existence in the context of modern technological society.

Ancient and Medieval Perspectives

In ancient Greek philosophy, human existence was often examined as part of the natural order. Thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emphasised virtue, rationality, and the pursuit of eudaimonia (flourishing) as defining features of humanity. The Medieval period further expanded this discourse through theological inquiry, particularly in the writings of Saint Augustine, who explored the inner world of the individual and the relationship between the self and the divine. Augustine’s introspective approach introduced a spiritual dimension to the philosophical understanding of human existence, focusing on personal meaning and moral purpose.

 Renaissance and Early Modern Thought

The Renaissance reasserted human dignity and autonomy, viewing human beings as rational agents capable of shaping their destiny. Thinkers such as René Descartes and Francis Bacon shifted the focus toward reason and empirical investigation as pathways to understanding human existence. This intellectual transition emphasised human creativity and progress, establishing the foundation for modern humanism and rationalism.

 German Classical Philosophy

German Idealism, represented by Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, marked a turning point in Western thought. Kant’s moral philosophy emphasised autonomy and the centrality of moral law in defining human essence. Fichte and Schelling introduced cultural and aesthetic dimensions, while Hegel advanced a dialectical framework wherein human existence was understood as a dynamic process of self-realisation mediated through history, reason, and society. These developments laid the groundwork for later critiques by Marx and existentialist thinkers.

 Marxist Conceptions of Human Existence

The Industrial Era introduced profound changes in social and economic structures, prompting Karl Marx to analyse human existence within the framework of material conditions. In his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx identified labour as the central expression of human creativity and self-realisation. However, under capitalism, labour became alienated, reducing workers to commodities and severing their connection to their human essence (Marx & Engels, 2000). Marx conceived of humans as species-beings (Gattungswesen), whose nature is realised through purposeful activity and social relations (Ho, 2007; Hornborg, 2013). He posited that human existence is both biological and social, shaped by material production and collective life. Alienation, therefore, represented not merely an economic condition but a spiritual and existential crisis. This perspective remains profoundly relevant in the context of automation, digital labour, and the commodification of data in the modern age.

Human Existence and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has transformed traditional conceptions of human activity, interaction, and identity. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology have blurred the boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological realms (Schwab, 2018). While these innovations promise efficiency and progress, they also raise ethical and existential questions concerning autonomy, authenticity, and the meaning of work and life itself (Rotatori, Lee, & Sleeva, 2021).

Philosophical reflection on human existence within this context requires balancing the benefits of innovation with a critical awareness of its social and moral implications. The 4IR challenges human freedom and privacy, reshaping social relationships and potentially eroding individuality in favour of algorithmic control (Ahn, Jang, & Rhee, 2022). As technological systems increasingly mediate human experience, the need for a renewed philosophical framework that safeguards dignity and purpose becomes imperative.

Conclusion

            This research underscored that the exploration of human existence—an enduring philosophical pursuit—has gained renewed urgency in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. From ancient metaphysics to Marxist materialism, philosophy has consistently sought to articulate what it means to be human. The technological revolution of the twenty-first century compels a reassessment of this inquiry, as emerging technologies reshape the conditions of human life and consciousness. While technological progress offers unprecedented opportunities for advancement, it also threatens to alienate individuals from their social, moral, and existential roots. The study concluded that philosophical inquiry remains indispensable for guiding humanity through this transformation. By integrating ethical reflection into technological development, societies can ensure that innovation enhances rather than diminishes the human condition. Ultimately, this research reaffirmed the centrality of philosophical thought in navigating the complexities of modern existence, advocating a balanced synthesis between progress and humanistic values—a synthesis that preserves the essence of what it means to be truly human.

 

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Beltrán, A. A. C. (2023). La náusea y la contingencia: Filosofía de lo absurdo en el “primer” Sartre. Kalagatos, 20(3), eK23048.

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Reflections on the Philosophy of Man and the meaning of being a human

 Alicia Ivy M. Bongoyan, MBA

Abstract

            The Philosophy of Man explores the nature, purpose, and meaning of human existence. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about who we are, why we exist, and how we ought to live. This reflection examines the search for self-knowledge and authenticity as essential to understanding the human condition. It emphasizes that philosophy is not merely theoretical but personal—an invitation to reflect on one’s life, values, and relationships. By understanding oneself, one discovers one’s role in the greater order of being. The study of man is therefore the study of meaning, existence, and the continual pursuit of truth.          

Keywords: Human nature, Self-knowledge, Existence, Freedom, Meaning of life, Philosophy of man

Introduction

            Philosophy of Man is the study of the human person and the meaning of human life. It asks the most profound questions that shape our existence: Who am I? Why am I here? What is my purpose? In an age of modern distractions, people often focus on external achievements, wealth, and recognition, forgetting to reflect on their inner being. The study of man is a reminder that self-understanding is the foundation of all wisdom. As the Renaissance philosopher Petrarch said, “Men go to admire the heights of mountains, the course of rivers, the shores of the ocean, and the orbit of the stars, and neglect themselves.” This statement calls us back to the essence of philosophy: the journey within. To philosophize about man is to explore the mystery of life itself—to confront the questions that define our being and our purpose. In understanding the human person, we begin to uncover not only what we are but who we are meant to become.

Understanding the Philosophy of Man

Philosophy of Man does not simply describe human behavior or biology; it seeks to understand the meaning of being human. It studies the person as a whole—body, soul, intellect, emotion, and spirit. Science can tell us how we function, but philosophy seeks to answer why we exist. This discipline encourages reflection on the uniqueness of humanity. Among all creatures, only humans can ask questions about existence. We can reflect, reason, and choose. We are aware not only of the world but also of ourselves. This self-awareness allows us to shape our destiny. Philosophers like Aristotle viewed man as a rational being, capable of understanding and moral decision-making. St. Thomas Aquinas expanded on this, explaining that human beings participate in divine reason through intellect and free will. Thus, man is not merely a physical being but also a spiritual one—endowed with conscience and the ability to seek truth and goodness.

The Search for Meaning and Self-Knowledge

To philosophize is to embark on a journey toward self-knowledge. The ancient Greeks placed this principle at the heart of wisdom with the maxim “Know thyself.” For Socrates, understanding oneself is the first step toward living a good life. In modern times, people are often lost in the noise of daily life. We chase comfort, pleasure, or status, forgetting to ask whether these pursuits bring true fulfillment. The Philosophy of Man reminds us that authentic happiness comes not from possessions but from purpose. It is in discovering meaning that one transcends mere existence and begins to live fully. Psychologist Viktor Frankl, in his book 'Man’s Search for Meaning,' emphasizes that even in suffering, humans can find purpose. Meaning gives life direction, hope, and value—reminding us that we are more than our circumstances.

Human Freedom and Responsibility

Freedom is one of the central themes in the Philosophy of Man. To be human is to be free, but freedom is not the ability to do whatever one pleases—it is the power to choose what is right. True freedom involves moral responsibility. Every decision shapes our character and influences others. St. Thomas Aquinas taught that authentic freedom is rooted in truth and ordered toward the good. When freedom is detached from morality, it becomes destructive; but when guided by virtue, it leads to human flourishing. Through responsible freedom, humans become co-creators of a just and moral society. This principle teaches that our actions define us and that we must act in ways that affirm our dignity and the dignity of others.

Man in Relation to Others and the World

The human person is not an isolated being but one who exists in relation to others. We are social by nature, needing community and communication to flourish. Our identity is formed not only through introspection but also through encounters with family, friends, and society. This relationship calls us to empathy and moral responsibility. We discover our humanity when we recognize it in others. In this sense, love and compassion are essential expressions of what it means to be human. Moreover, our relationship with the world reveals our role as stewards of creation. We must care for the environment, promote justice, and contribute to the common good. Philosophy challenges us to see others not as competitors or strangers but as fellow travelers in the search for truth and happiness.

Man and Transcendence: The Search for God

Beyond the material and social aspects of life, man is a spiritual being who seeks transcendence. We possess a natural longing for what is eternal and infinite. This desire reflects our openness to the divine. Throughout history, philosophy and theology have shown that man’s search for truth ultimately leads to the search for God. In God, we find the ultimate source of meaning, purpose, and moral order. Even those who struggle with faith express this longing through their pursuit of love, justice, and beauty—all of which point toward the transcendent. To live philosophically is to live with awareness of this mystery and to orient one’s life toward what is ultimately good and true. This spiritual dimension affirms that man’s destiny is not confined to the material world but extends toward eternal fulfillment.

Personal Insight

Through this study, the student realizes that the Philosophy of Man is not just a subject but a mirror of human existence. It invites continuous reflection about life, purpose, and moral responsibility. The student recognizes that every human being carries both reason and emotion, and that true wisdom lies in balancing the two. Understanding the human person means appreciating the dignity that comes with freedom and the accountability that follows every decision. Moreover, the student learns that the search for meaning is a lifelong process—one that grows through experiences, relationships, and faith. Ultimately, the Philosophy of Man teaches the student that to be human is to strive for truth, to choose goodness, and to live with love.

Conclusion

The Philosophy of Man teaches that the greatest journey is the inward one—the discovery of self and the realization of our purpose in life. By understanding who we are, we learn how to live meaningfully with others and with God. It reminds us that philosophy is not confined to books or theories but is lived in our daily choices and relationships. In knowing ourselves, we find the wisdom to act with compassion, the courage to seek truth, and the strength to live authentically. The study of man, therefore, is not merely academic; it is a path toward a life of reflection, virtue, and love. Ultimately, the meaning of being human is found in our pursuit of goodness, our openness to others, and our relationship with the divine.

References

Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.
 A foundational work exploring humanity’s search for purpose through meaning, suffering, and personal responsibility.

May, R. (1983). The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology. W. W. Norton & Company.

Sartre, J.-P. (1943). Being and Nothingness. Washington Square Press.

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The Paradox of Freedom: The Self, Society, and the Teleological End

 Roberto B. Natividad, LPT, MBA

Divine Word College of Laoag

Abstract

This article explores the fundamental paradox of human freedom, the tension between the individual's inherent autonomy and the necessity of social and spiritual accountability. Drawing upon the philosophical traditions from the Medieval era (Aquinas) through the Enlightenment (Hobbes, Kant) to the existential critiques of the Nineteenth Century (Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Scheler), this analysis synthesizes diverse views on selfhood, morality, and social control. The discussion is structured around three critical poles: the self as a project of radical autonomy (Kierkegaard’s subjectivity), the self as a subject of social determinism (Hobbes’ Leviathan and Marx’s critique), and the self as a relational and teleological being (Scheler’s Ordo Amoris and the Islamic view of accountability). The core argument posits that authentic selfhood is achieved not through isolation or the rejection of all constraints, but through the responsible affirmation of one’s unique destiny, anchored by moral duty and divine purpose.

Keywords: Selfhood, Freedom, Categorical Imperative, Ordo Amoris, Social Control, Authenticity, Determinism, Teleology

I. Introduction

A. Concern (Problem Statement)

The fundamental concern addressed in this article is the crisis of identity and moral certainty in the face of modern pluralism. Is the individual truly free, or is human action predetermined by external forces—whether biological, social, or historical? The discussion critically evaluates the tension between the self as an autonomous creator of values (e.g., Nietzsche) and the self as a relational being bound by inherent moral law and social necessity (e.g., Aquinas and Kant). Furthermore, the work probes the dangers of not being a self, particularly through "wearing a mask" or "absorption in a function," where the unique personal destiny is forfeited to conformity.

B. Purpose of Writing

The purpose of this article is to synthesize divergent philosophical anthropologies to construct a comprehensive, integrated understanding of the human person. It aims to clarify the pathways to authentic selfhood by contrasting views on morality, knowledge, and existence, ultimately seeking a coherent framework that honors both human freedom and spiritual accountability.

C. Objective of Writing

The objectives of this analysis are threefold:

1.      To delineate the philosophical arguments for and against human freedom, using the works of Hobbes, Spinoza, and Leibniz.

2.      To analyze the ethical systems (Utilitarianism, Categorical Imperative, Non-Formal Ethics of Value) that define moral action.

3.      To propose a model of selfhood rooted in relatedness and historical destiny, demonstrating that authentic personhood is achieved through responsible involvement rather than isolated reflection.

II. The Battleground of Freedom and Determinism

A. Radical Autonomy vs. The Will to Power

The Nineteenth Century challenged the foundational certainties of the West. Søren Kierkegaard introduced existentialism, asserting that “subjectivity is truth.” Truth, for him, is not an objective fact to be discovered, but a personal, passionate commitment. This perspective liberates the self from abstract systems but burdens it with the responsibility of decision-making, leading to dread (or anxiety) in the face of unforeseen outcomes.

Similarly, Frederick Nietzsche declared “God is dead,” not as a theological statement, but as a cultural observation that the source of objective morality had collapsed. He criticized Western values (Christianity and democracy) as "slave morality"—advocating pity and equality—and called for the emergence of the Übermensch, a master who creates his own values reflecting strength and independence. This is the ultimate expression of human self-creation, where man is the creator of values.

B. The Constraints of Will and Necessity

Contrasting this radical autonomy are the arguments for determinism and the inevitable constraints on the will. Arthur Schopenhauer, the great pessimist, saw life as a tragedy driven by the futile, irrational Will to Live, which leads only to suffering and constant wishing without satisfaction. The only respite is the temporary cessation of this will.

Baruch Spinoza offers a more nuanced determinism: freedom is not the ability to say "no" to necessity, but the ability to say "yes" through understanding (Deus sive Natura). Real freedom means acting according to the necessary nature of man, achieved through the "intellectual love of God" and the mastery of emotions through reason. The external world is governed by immutable laws, and human freedom lies only in realizing this necessity.

C. The Foundation of Moral Duty

The moral dimension of freedom is most rigorously addressed by Immanuel Kant. His Categorical Imperative (CI) demands that moral action be universalizable (what if everyone did this?) and that we treat persons as ends and never merely as means. This principle establishes morality not on feelings (Scheler) or consequences (Bentham), but on unconditional duty. An action is moral only if it stems from respect for the moral law, even if it is against our self-interest. This duty establishes a framework where every person is affirmed as a rational, autonomous being worthy of respect.

III. Selfhood: The Dynamic and Relational Person

A. Rejecting the Objective Self

The search for selfhood begins by rejecting the Path of Objectivity (Section 5.2.1). To ask "What am I?" and answer with generalities (e.g., "a rational animal") fails to capture the unique, unrepeatable essence of "Who am I?" Thinking of the self as a static thing or object distorts its true character, which is:

1.      Dynamic and Always Changing (Conversion): The self is constantly in a process of becoming, not fixed in a state of being.

2.      Relational: Unlike an isolated object, the self is caught up in relationships (family, career, God), which are essential for its existence.

B. The Priority of Love (Ordo Amoris)

In counterpoint to Kant's formalism, Max Scheler argues that the human heart, the "seat of love," accounts for the essence of human existence (ens amans). For Scheler, feelings and love have a logic of their own and are conjoined to experiences of value. His "ordo amoris" (order of love) suggests that values are ranked and intuitively "felt" before they are rationally chosen. The moral act is founded in the heart's spontaneous "leaning" toward a higher value (pre-rational "preferring"), with the value of the holy/divine at the apex, superseding sensible, pragmatic, and life values. This shows that the moral life is lived primarily from the heart's deep order, not from a rationally contrived set of external rules.

C. The Person as Relatedness and Historical Destiny

The subjective self is best understood as relatedness and historical destiny (Sections 7.5-7.6). I am a product of my past, yet I move decisively in the present toward my future goals and vocation.

·         Relatedness: My existence as a person is owed to the people in my life (family, friends, God). A true personal relationship is a living dialogue that recognizes the other as a unique subject endowed with unconditional worth (not an object of use or judgment). This relationship gives continuous support and an added dimension of meaning to my life.

·         Purpose (Teleology): Selfhood is not just being, but becoming what I am "meant to be." This purpose is found in the "reaching out"—the involvement with career, causes, and commitments that ultimately define my existence. As a person of faith, this destiny is inherently tied to my vocation and participation in the divine love (Scheler).

IV. Society and the Fulfillment of the Person

A. Social Contract and Fulfillment

Though society can be pictured as oppressive, man chooses to live in it because it represents full human existence (Section 8.3). The social contract—the compromise of freedom for security—raises life above a merely animal level. Society contributes to the fulfillment of man by providing:

1.      Communication and Morality: We learn language, morality, and right ways to relate through social interaction (the jungle boy analogy).

2.      Source of Meaning: Meaning is derived from relationships, values, and roles (mother, teacher, leader). These roles, though determined by social context, provide a sense of purpose and structure.

B. The Danger of Alienation

The Marxist critique, however, offers a powerful counterpoint: society, under a capitalist structure, becomes a source of alienation. Karl Marx viewed the essence of man as the ensemble of social relationships, not the individual. He argued that the modern industrial worker is alienated from the product of his labor and from his own species-being. In this critique, religion acts as the "opium of the people," dulling the pain of real suffering and preventing the oppressed from seeing the necessity of revolutionary change. Marx preferred freedom not only from capitalism but also from God and religion, visualizing a human world created solely for material prosperity.

C. Reconciling Freedom and Order (The Theological Imperative)

The final reflection on social control resolves the tension: while society is imperfect (Section 8.3.3) and its structures can impose limits, rules are not inherently evil. When rooted in justice, love, and the dignity of the human person (Kant/Aquinas), they serve to protect life and direct freedom toward the common good. The choice of who controls one’s life—God, society, or the self—must be answered by the independent, God-fearing, and family-oriented person who affirms God’s sovereignty while exercising responsible freedom within the context of relationship.

V. Conclusion

The self is an irreducible paradox: a unique subject who achieves freedom not by escaping responsibility, but by wholeheartedly embracing it. Authentic selfhood is the continuous, historical process of becoming—a process where the individual courageously:

1.      Affirms Identity: Rejects the safety of the mask or the limits of a single function.

2.      Chooses Purpose: Directs life toward its teleological end (vocation/calling).

3.      Acts Morally: Governs actions not by pleasure or utility (Bentham), but by duty and genuine compassion (Kant/Schopenhauer).

4.      Lives Relationally: Grounds identity in authentic love (ordo amoris) and accountability to God and others.

The profound philosophical and theological task remains to navigate these competing demands, ensuring that the necessary structures of society serve to realize, not suffocate, the divine potential inherent in the human person.

References

(Simulated APA 7th Edition Format)

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