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Saturday, December 27, 2025

Leadership: Theories and Styles

 Louie Jane S. Aguinoas

 

Abstract

This article explores the critical role of leadership within organizations, emphasizing its influence on workplace culture and performance.1 By examining the Great Man and Trait theories alongside common leadership styles—autocratic, democratic, and transformational—this paper highlights how adaptable leadership behavior drives organizational success. Special attention is given to the cultural nuances of leadership within the Philippine context.

Keywords: Leadership, Leadership Behavior, Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Autocratic Leadership Style, Democratic Leadership Style, Transformational Leadership Style

Introduction

Leadership is not merely a byproduct of formal authority; it is a sophisticated set of abilities, including effective communication, self-awareness, and sound decision-making, that can be developed over time (McCauley, 2025). Leaders serve as the focal point for organizational unity, utilizing resilience and integrity to motivate teams toward shared goals. By dynamically adjusting their approach to fit specific situations, leaders enable collective achievements that far exceed individual capabilities.

In the Philippines, leadership behavior is uniquely shaped by cultural values, reflecting a blend of hierarchical respect, paternalistic guidance, and pakikisama (interpersonal warmth). Filipino executives often navigate a "consultative-authoritative" balance—maintaining firm decision-making power while seeking group input to preserve harmony and loyalty (Dela Torre, 2019-2020). This "caring" approach allows leaders to earn respect through emotional intelligence rather than fear. This trait proved essential during the COVID-19 pandemic, where clear, empathetic communication was vital for public safety and cooperation.

 

Why Leadership Behavior Matters

Leadership behavior is the primary architect of organizational culture and employee morale. According to Wilkinson (2025), the role of a leader is central to sustained success, as their actions create the environment in which productivity either flourishes or stagnates.

·     Shaping Culture: Leaders establish workplace norms by modeling ethical behavior. This alignment between leadership actions and the organization’s mission enhances employee satisfaction and long-term retention (Gomez, 2023).

·     Boosting Performance: Strong leadership correlates with significantly improved outcomes. Research suggests that supportive leadership environments can lead to up to 30% higher performance by encouraging innovation and market adaptability (Wilkinson, 2025).

·     Impact on Well-Being: Leadership behavior directly affects mental health. Leaders who prioritize fairness and job predictability help reduce workplace stress and improve employees' perceptions of their future career prospects (Fløvik et al., 2020).

Comparative Leadership Styles

Understanding one’s leadership style is crucial for self-development and professional effectiveness (Price-Dowd, 2025). The following styles represent the most common frameworks used in modern organizations:

 

Style

Characteristics

Best Use Case

Autocratic

Centralized power, clear commands, and little input from subordinates (Thorpe, 2024).

Crises, urgent deadlines, or managing inexperienced teams.

Democratic

Collaborative decision-making and high employee engagement (Goodwin University, 2022).

Creative industries and team-oriented environments.

Transformational

High levels of inspiration, vision-setting, and a focus on long-term change (Gomez, 2023).

Evolving organizations requiring high innovation.

 

The Nuances of Style

While the Autocratic Style ensures efficiency and clarity, it can suppress creativity and lower morale if used excessively. Conversely, the Democratic Style fosters innovation but may slow down decision-making in time-sensitive scenarios (Thorpe, 2024). The Transformational Style is often viewed as the "gold standard" for growth, yet it carries a risk of employee burnout if the leader’s expectations are not balanced with support (Goodwin University, 2022).

Conclusion

Leadership behavior is the heartbeat of organizational operations. Ineffective leadership does more than stall progress; it can actively disrupt workplace relationships and hinder the achievement of core objectives. To be successful, a leader must first engage in self-reflection to identify their natural style and then evaluate its impact on their subordinates (Price-Dowd, 2025). By recognizing strengths and addressing weaknesses, leaders can cultivate the adaptability required to lead diverse teams in an ever-changing global market.

 

References

 

Dela Torre, N.N. (2019-2020). Leadership Styles and Contributions of Philippine Presidents

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/polytechnic-university-of-the-philippines/bachelor-of-science-in-computer-science/president-of-the-philippines/26122861

 

Gomez, A. (2023). What Is Organizational Leadership and Why Is It Important?

https://www.ollusa.edu/blog/what-is-organziational-leadership.html

 

McCauley, C. (2025). What is Leadership?

https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading-effectively-articles/what-is- leadership-a-definition/#:~:text=Leadership%20is%20defined%20by%203,Published%20March%2015%2C%202025

 

Thorpe, J. (2024). What kind of leader will you be?

https://berkeleycollege.edu/berkeley-today/2024/02/10-types-of-management-styles.html

 

Price-Dowd, C.F.J. (2025). Your leadership style: why understanding yourself matters.

https://bmjleader.bmj.com/content/leader/4/4/165.full.pdf

Wilkinson, M. (2025). The Role of Leadership in Organizational Success.

https://www.leadstrat.com/the-role-of-leadership-in-organizational-success/

Goodwin University. (2022). 5 Organizational Leadership Styles You Can Master

https://www.goodwin.edu/enews/organizational-leadership-styles/

 

Fløvik L, Knardahl S, Christensen JO. (2020). How leadership behaviors influence the effects of job predictability and perceived employability on employee mental health – a multilevel, prospective study https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8506305/

 

 

 

https://demolitionnutsgrease.com/q9h97sj5?key=23b279e99ed6a529a30f577cdce2aeb9

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Leadership: Theories and Styles

 Louie Jane S. Aguinoas   Abstract This article explores the critical role of leadership within organizations, emphasizing its influence on ...